The effects of chrysin on lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis in rats.

Chrysin (CR) is a flavone found in propolis and many plants. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that causes sepsis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CR on LPS-induced sepsis in rats. LPS intraperitoneal and a single dose and CR were given orally for 10 days. Rats were sacrificed, blood samples were taken, liver, lung, and kidney tissues were dissected, homogenized, and histopathological analysis was carried out. When CR groups compared to sepsis group, CR significantly decreased the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in tissues. CR also increased the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in tissues. Histopathological findings were consistent with biochemical findings. Conclusion, CR could reduce the oxidative stress markers and cytokines in sepsis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Our approach is to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of chrysin, known as a flavolonoid, which are found in many plants and foods such as honey and propolis. In this study, experimental sepsis model was created using LPS. According to the results of the study, CR can attribute to the ameliorating of oxidative damage in tissues (lung, liver, and kidney) and it can suppress the sepsis-associated acute tissue injury via reduction of inflammation in rats. Even, CR can be used as a pharmacological agent in inflammatory diseases caused by other sources and in many cases causing oxidation.

The effects of colostrum on some biochemical parameters in the experimental intoxication of rats with paracetamol.

In the current study, the possible prophylactic and therapeutic effects of colostrum (COL) on acute organ injury caused by paracetamol (PAR) in rats were evaluated. Within the scope of this study, a 2-month-old male (150-200 g) 70 Wistar Albino rat was used and a total of seven groups were designed. The first group (CNT) was maintained for control purposes. The second group (COL-1) was given COL for 1 day, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals, and blood and tissue sampling was performed at 24 h. The third group (COL-7) received COL for 7 days, at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days, and blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. The fourth group (PAR-1) was administered with PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw and was blood and tissue sampled at 24 h. The fifth group (PAR-7) received PAR at a dose of 1.0 g/kg bw on day 1 and was blood and tissue was removed at the end of day 7. The sixth group (PAR+COL-1) was administered with a combination of PAR (1 g/kg bw) and COL (500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals), and blood and tissue samples were collected at 24 h. The seventh group (PAR+COL-7) received 1.0 g/kg bw of PAR on day 1 and was given COL throughout the 7-day study period (at a dose of 500 mg/kg at 6-h intervals on day 1 and at a daily dose of 500 mg/kg on the following days). In the seventh group, blood and tissue samples were taken at the end of seventh day. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, creatinine, triglyceride, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin levels/activities were analysed in the serum samples. The malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels/activities, known as oxidative stress parameters, were assayed for tissue homogenates and blood (erythrocytes/plasma); in addition, enzyme activities of GSH S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (CYTB5), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), NADPH-cytochrome P450 C reductase (CYTC) and glutathione (GSH) levels/activities defined as drug metabolising parameters were measured in liver homogenates. In result, it was determined that PAR caused significant alterations in some biochemical and lipid peroxidation parameters and the activities/levels of drug metabolising parameters in the liver and that COL normalised some of these parameters and reduced PAR-induced tissue damage.

The effects of diosmin on aflatoxin-induced liver and kidney damage.

Aflatoxin is among the natural toxins that cause serious side effects on living things. Diosmin is also one of the compounds with broad pharmacological effects. In this study, the effects on the oxidant/antioxidant system of 50 mg/kg body weight/day dose of diosmin, aflatoxin (500 µg/kg body weight/day), and combined aflatoxin (500 µg/kg body weight/day) plus diosmin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) given to the stomach via catheter female adult Wistar Albino rats is examined. Forty rats were used in the experiment, and these animals were randomly allocated to four equal groups. The test phase lasted 21 days, and blood samples and tissue (liver and kidney) samples were taken after this period was over. Some biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin) and levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and 4-hydroxynonenal and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were analyzed in the samples. The aflatoxin administered over the period indicated a significant increase in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in all tissues and blood samples. Therewithal, the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed a change in the decreasing direction. Biochemical parameters of the group in which aflatoxin were administered alone changed unfavorably. Parallel effects were also observed in the histopathological findings of this group. The results showed that aflatoxin changed antioxidant/oxidant balance in favor of oxidant and eventually led to lipid peroxidation. Diosmin administration to aflatoxin-treated animals resulted in positive changes in antioxidant enzyme activities while the levels of MDA, NO, and 4-HNE were reduced in all tissues and blood samples examined. Diosmin alleviates the oxidative stress caused by aflatoxin. Similar improvement was observed in biochemical parameters of this group as well as in liver and kidney histopathology. No significant change was observed in the group treated with diosmin alone in terms of the parameters examined and histologic findings. As a result, diosmin may be included in compounds that can be used as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent in the event of the formation of aflatoxin exposure and poisoning in animals.

The toxic effect of cypermethrin, amitraz and combinations of cypermethrin-amitraz in rats.

In this study, the effects of cypermethrin (CYP), amitraz (AMT) and combined cypermethrin-amitraz (CYP-AMT) on some serum biochemical, oxidative stress and drug-metabolising parameters were investigated in male Wistar albino rats. CYP, AMT and combined CYP-AMT were administered at doses of 80 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of CYP and 170 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of AMT for 1 day (single dose), and at doses of 12 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of CYP and 25 mg kg(-1) bw(-1) of AMT for 40 days by oral gavage. Oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)), serum biochemical (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, asparatate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, albumin) in blood/tissues (liver, kidney, brain, spleen and testis) and hepatic drug-metabolising (cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (CYPb5), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase/NADPH cytocrome P450 reductase (CYTC), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH)) parameters were measured in liver samples taken on days 1 and 40. In result, it was determined that CYP, AMT and their combinations led to significant changes in the parameters investigated, and it was ascertained that long-term exposure to insecticides and the administration of insecticide combinations produced greater toxic effects in comparison with the administration of insecticides alone.

The acute and chronic toxic effect of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and their combinations in rats.

This study was aimed at determining the acute and chronic toxic effects of cypermethrin, propetamphos, and combined cypermethrin and propetamphos. Four groups, each comprising 10 animals, were established for the acute (a) and chronic (b) toxicity trials, and in total, 80 male Wistar albino rats were used. In the acute toxicity trial, the first group was maintained for control purposes, and groups 2a, 3a, and 4a were administered only once with 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos and 80 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 25 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach. In the chronic toxicity trial, the first group was also maintained for control purposes, while groups 2b, 3b, and 4b were administered daily with 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin, 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos, and 12 mg/kg.bw of cypermethrin combined with 4 mg/kg.bw of propetamphos respectively, by gavage directly into the stomach for 60 days. Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, and testis) samples were taken 24 h after pesticide administration in the acute toxicity trial and at the end of day 60 in the chronic toxicity trial. Oxidative stress (MDA, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and G6PD) parameters, serum biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, protein, and albumin) and hepatic drug-metabolizing parameters (CYP2E1, CYPB5, CYTC, GST, and GSH) were investigated in the samples. When administered either alone or in combination, both pesticides inhibited the antioxidant enzymes and increased MDA and NO levels. For the drug-metabolizing parameters investigated, particularly in the chronic period, either increase (CYP2E1, CYPB5, and CYTC) or decrease (GST and GSH) was observed. Furthermore, some negative changes were detected in the serum biochemical parameters. In result, cypermethrin and propetamphos combinations and long-term exposure to these combinations produced a greater toxic effect than the administration of these insecticides alone. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1415-1429, 2016.

Effects of Tarantula cubensis D6 on aflatoxin-induced injury in biochemical parameters in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites that have adverse effects on humans and animals. Tarantula cubensis D6 is used as a homeopathic medicine for different purposes. The present study investigates the effects of Tarantula cubensis D6 on the oxidant-antioxidant balance and some biochemical parameters against exposure to aflatoxin. METHODS: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley female rats were used and evenly divided into four groups. Group 1 served as control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 received 200 µl/kg.bw/day Tarantula cubensis D6 (applied subcutaneously), 400 µg/kg.bw/day total aflatoxin (approximately 80% AF B1, 10% AF B2, 6 %AF G1, and 4% AF G2), and 200 µl/kg.bw/day Tarantula cubensis D6 plus 400 µg/kg.bw/day total aflatoxin, respectively, for 28 days. At the end of 28 days, blood samples and some organs (liver, kidney, brain, and spleen) were taken from all the animals. Oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) and some biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT and ALP, total protein, albumin) were evaluated in blood samples and tissues. RESULTS: Aflatoxin caused negative changes in all oxidative stress parameters and some biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, albumin). Administration of Tarantula cubensis D6 partly alleviated aflatoxin-induced negative changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that Tarantula cubensis D6 partially neutralized the deleterious effects of aflatoxin.

The effect of chlorpyrifos on isolated thoracic aorta in rats.

This study investigated the effect of chlorpyrifos on thoracic aorta and on the level of NO in plasma and aorta. The effect of chlorpyrifos on thoracic aorta in organ bath was determined in 10 rats. Another 45 rats were assigned to 3 groups with 15 rats each: control group 1 received distilled water, control group 2 was given corn oil, and the last group was given 13.5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos dissolved in corn oil every other day for 8 weeks orally. Chlorpyrifos (10(-10) M-10(-5) M) showed no effect on isolated thoracic aorta. Plasma AChE activity was decreased, while LDH, ALT, GGT, and AST activities were increased in chlorpyrifos group compared to control groups. Plasma NO level was increased in chlorpyrifos group compared to control groups. iNOS expression was present in all groups in the cytoplasm of the endothelia and in the smooth muscle cells of aorta. According to semiquantitative histomorphological analysis, iNOS immunopositive reactions were seen in the decreasing order in chlorpyrifos, control 2, and control 1 groups. eNOS immunopositive reactions were observed in the endothelial cell cytoplasm, rarely in the subintimal layer, and the smooth muscle cells of aorta. There were no differences among the groups in terms of eNOS immunostaining. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos induced NO production in aorta following an increase in NOS expression.

The antioxidant effects of pumpkin seed oil on subacute aflatoxin poisoning in mice.

This study was aimed at the investigation of the antioxidant effect of pumpkin seed oil against the oxidative stress-inducing potential of aflatoxin. For this purpose, 48 male BALB/c mice were used. Four groups, each comprising 12 mice, were established. Group 1 was maintained as the control group. Group 2 was administered with pumpkin seed oil alone at a dose of 1.5 mL/kg.bw/day (∼1375mg/kg.bw/day). Group 3 received aflatoxin (82.45% AFB1 , 10.65% AFB2 , 4.13% AFG1, and 2.77% AFG2 ) alone at a dose of 625 µg/kg.bw/day. Finally, group 4 was given both 1.5 mL/kg.bw/day pumpkin seed oil and 625 µg/kg.bw/day aflatoxin. All administrations were oral, performed with the aid of a gastric tube and continued for a period of 21 days. At the end of day 21, the liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, heart, and spleen of the animals were excised, and the extirpated tissues were homogenized appropriately. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in tissue homogenates. In conclusion, it was determined that aflatoxin exhibited adverse effects on most of the oxidative stress markers. The administration of pumpkin seed oil diminished aflatoxin-induced adverse effects. In other words, the values of the group, which was administered with both aflatoxin and pumpkin seed oil, were observed to have drawn closer to the values of the control group.

The antioxidant effect of wheat germ oil on subchronic coumaphos exposure in mice.

Forty-eight male Balb/C mice, allocated to 4 equal groups, constituted the material of the study. The first group was maintained as the control group and was administered solely with a vehicle, which was used to dissolve coumaphos in the third and fourth groups. The second group was administered with 1.5 ml/kg.bw/day (∼1400 mg/kg.bw/day) of wheat germ oil. The third group received 5.5mg/kg.bw/day (1/10 LD50(oral)) of coumaphos. Finally, the fourth group was given both coumaphos and wheat germ oil at the doses indicated above. In all groups, the compounds were given directly into the stomach using a gastric tube, and treatment was continued for a period of 45 days. At the end of the 45th day, the liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, heart and spleen were extirpated in all of the animals. Tissue homogenates prepared from the tissue specimens were analysed for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. In conclusion, it was determined that coumaphos led to adverse alterations in the majority of the oxidative stress markers investigated. The administration of wheat germ oil alleviated the coumpahos-induced adverse effects detected in the tissues examined.

Hepatoprotective effect of ghrelin on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent studies have revealed that ghrelin may be an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent. Oxidative stress are considered to play a prominent causative role in the development of various hepatic disorders. We investigated whether ghrelin plays a protective role against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced acute liver injury in rats. METHODS: Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups as; control, ghrelin, CCl(4) and ghrelin plus CCl(4). Evaluations were made for lipid peroxidation, enzyme activities and biochemical parameters. Pathological histology was also performed. RESULTS: CCl(4) treatment increased plasma and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content and plasma nitric oxide (NO) level, and decreased erythrocyte and liver tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities when compared to control group. At the same time, CCl(4) treatment increased the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alcaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. By contrast, ghrelin pretreatment reduced plasma and liver MDA content and plasma NO level, and increased erythrocyte and liver tissue SOD, CAT and GPx activities when compared with CCl(4)-treated group. Moreover, both ghrelin alone and ghrelin plus CCl(4) treatment elevated serum glucose level. The CCl(4)-induced histopathological changes were also reduced by the ghrelin pretreatment. CONCLUSION: Our results show that ghrelin can be proposed to protect the liver against CCl(4)-induced oxidative damage in rats, and the hepatoprotective effect may be correlated with its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.

Carnitine supplementation modulates high dietary copper-induced oxidative toxicity and reduced performance in laying hens.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of L-carnitine on performance, egg quality and certain biochemical parameters in laying hens fed a diet containing high levels of copper proteinate. Forty-eight 42-week-old laying hens were divided into four groups with four replicates. The laying hens were fed with a basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with either 400 mg carnitine (Car)/kg diet, 800 mg copper proteinate (CuP)/kg diet or 400 mg carnitine + 800 mg copper (Car+CuP)/kg diet, for 6 weeks. Supplemental CuP decreased feed consumption (p < 0.01), feed efficiency and egg production (p < 0.001), as compared to control. The combination of Car and CuP increased (p < 0.001) egg production and feed efficiency as compared to CuP. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01) were increased, while lactate dehydrogenase activity was decreased (p < 0.001) by supplemental CuP and Car+CuP. Supplemental CuP caused an increase in plasma malondialdehyde (p < 0.01) and nitric oxide levels (p < 0.05). In the Car+CuP group, this increase was observed to have been reduced significantly (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Car+CuP increased (p < 0.05) glucose level. These results indicate that the carnitine and copper combination may prevent the possible adverse effects of high dietary copper on performance and lipid peroxidation in hens.

The effects of evening primrose oil on lipid peroxidation induced by subacute aflatoxin exposure in mice.

The present study was aimed at the investigation of the antioxidative effect of evening primrose oil in cases of subacute aflatoxin (AF) intoxication induced in mice. For this purpose, forty-eight 6-8-week-old male BALB/c mice, weighing 30-35 g, were used. The animals were allocated to four groups, each comprising of 12 mice, such that one group was maintained as the control group and the other three constituted the trial groups. The mice included in the control group (Group 1) were not subjected to any treatment. Group 2 was administered with 1.5 ml/kg bw/day of evening primrose oil; Group 3 received 1250 µg/kg bw/day of AF (82.45% AFB(1), 10.65% AFB(2), 4.13% AFG(1) and 2.77% AFG(2)) and Group 4 was given 1250 µg/kg bw/day of AF plus 1.5 ml/kg bw/day of evening primrose oil using a catheter, for a period of 14 days. At the end of the 14th day, the liver, lungs, kidneys, brain, heart and spleen of the animals included in all groups were extracted. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidise (GSH-Px) activities were measured in tissue homogenates. In result, it was concluded that, evening primrose oil had a positive effect on aflatoxin-induced lipid peroxidation.

The protective effect of royal jelly against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress in rats.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of royal jelly on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. METHODS: Adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups: the control, cisplatin, royal jelly, and royal jelly plus cisplatin groups. Biochemical and histopathological methods were utilized for evaluation of the nephrotoxicity. Blood was collected and analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, uric acid, total bilirubin, and total protein levels. The kidney samples were stored for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities and processed for histopathological examinations. RESULTS: Administration of cisplatin to rats induced a marked renal failure, characterized with a significant increase in serum BUN and uric acid concentrations, and they had higher kidney MDA and lower GSH-Px, SOD, and CAT activities. In the groups that were administered RJ in association with CP, improvement was observed in some oxidative stress parameters and certain other biochemical parameters, pre-treatment with RJ being more effective. CONCLUSIONS: The CP-induced changes in histopathologic findings of kidneys were partially reversed by treatment with royal jelly. The results provide further insight into the mechanisms of CP-induced nephrotoxicity and confirm the antioxidant potential of royal jelly.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of some injectable preparations containing ivermectin in dogs.

Little is known about the kinetics of ivermectin formulations following subcutaneous administration in dogs. The vehicle components used in production may change the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The present study was aimed at the comparison of the pharmacokinetics of seven injectable ivermectin formulation of different brand names (A-G). The animals were allocated to seven groups, each comprising seven dogs. The dogs were administered ivermectin at a dose of 200 microg/kg bw by subcutaneous route and blood samples were collected from all groups up to 288h post-injection. Plasma ivermectin analyses were performed using a HPLC with a fluorescence detector. Compared to Group 1(A), it was determined that statistically significant differences existed in Groups 2(B), 3(C), 4(D), 5(E), and 7(G) for C(max) values; and in Groups 3(C), 4(D), 6(F), 7(G) for AUC(0-->288) and AUC(0-->infinity) values. These values were highest in Group 1(A) and lowest in Group 7(F). The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that, in cases which require subacute administration, optimal exposure is achieved with the preparation A. However, it must be noted that this evaluation was based on pharmacokinetic parameters and not antiparasitic efficacy.

Propetamphos-induced changes in haematological and biochemical parameters of female rats: protective role of propolis.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of propolis in alleviating the toxicity of propetamphos on haematological and biochemical parameters in rats. Twenty-four female Wistar-Albino rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into four equal groups of six rats each. As normal drinking water was given to the control group, propolis (100 mg/kg bw/day), propetamphos (15 mg/kg bw/day), and propolis (100 mg/kg bw/day) with propetamphos (15 mg/kg bw/day) combinations were given to the other three groups by adding to drinking water for 28 days, respectively. The levels of glucose and triglyceride, and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were increased, and total protein was decreased in serum of rats treated with propetamphos. Lymphocyte percentage was increased, while neutrophil percentage and total leukocyte counts were decreased due to propetamphos administration. In conclusion, propetamphos was determined to cause harmful effects in rats, and the administration of propolis to these animals alleviated the harmful effects of propetamphos.

Beneficial effect of pine honey on trichlorfon induced some biochemical alterations in mice.

Forty-eight male BALB/c mice, weighing 30-35 g, were used in the study, and were divided into groups of 12 each. The four groups established in the study included one control group and three experimental groups. The first group served as the control group, while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 1g/kg bw/day pine honey, 180 mg/kg bw/day trichlorfon ( approximately 1/5LD(50)) and 1g/kg bw/day pine honey plus 180 mg/kg bw/day trichlorfon, respectively, by the oral route using a catheter for 21 days. At the end of 21 days post-administration, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, brain and heart) samples were collected. Serum levels/activities of total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, BUN, creatine, uric acid, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total bilirubin, GGT, LDH, AST, ALT and ALP were determined. Furthermore, tissue MDA levels and CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities were analyzed. According to the data obtained, when administered at the indicated dose and for the indicated time period, trichlorfon was determined to lead to negative alterations in most of the biochemical parameters investigated. The administration of pine honey was determined to alleviate this effect.

Effects of sodium fluoride exposure on some biochemical parameters in mice: evaluation of the ameliorative effect of royal jelly applications on these parameters.

Forty eight male Balb/c mice, each weighing 30-35 g, were used in the present study. The animals were divided into four equal groups. The first group served as the control group, and the second group was administered royal jelly at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw by gavage for a period of 7 days. The third group received 200 ppm fluoride, as sodium fluoride, for a period of 7 days, in drinking water. Lastly, the fourth group was given 200 ppm fluoride in drinking water, in association with royal jelly at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw by gavage, for a period of 7 days. At the end of the seventh day, blood samples were collected from all groups into heparinised and dry tubes, and liver samples were taken concurrently. Erythrocyte and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were evaluated in the blood and tissue samples obtained. Furthermore, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, total protein and albumin levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alcaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were evaluated. In conclusion, fluoride was determined to cause adverse effects in mice, and the administration of royal jelly to these animals alleviated the adverse effects of fluoride.

Evaluation of protective effect of bee pollen against propoxur toxicity in rat.

In this study, 28 Wistar female rats (200-250g) were used and divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was allocated as the control group. Groups 2-4 were administered 100mg/kg/bw/day bee pollen, 20mg/kg/bw/day propoxur, and 100mg/kg/bw/day bee pollen plus 20mg/kg/bw/day propoxur by gavage for 14 days, respectively. At the end of the 14th day, blood and tissues (the liver, kidney, brain, and heart) were collected from all animals. Oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, GSH-Px) and some other biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total bilirubin, GGT, LDH, AST, ALT, and ALP) were analyzed. According to the data obtained, propoxur was determined to lead to negative changes in most of the biochemical parameters investigated and the administration of bee pollen was determined to alleviate these effects.

Effect of carbaryl on some biochemical changes in rats: the ameliorative effect of bee pollen.

In this study, 42 female Wistar albino rats, weighing between 200 and 250 g, were used and they were divided into six equal groups. Group 1 was allocated as the control group. Rats included in groups 2 and 3 were administered a water-solubilized extract of bee pollen at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day and 100 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Group 4 received 225 mg/kg bw/day carbaryl. Groups 5 and 6 were given a water-solubilized extract of bee pollen at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/day and 100mg/kg bw/day, respectively, plus 225 mg/kg bw/day carbaryl. The indicated administrations were continued for 21 days for groups 1-6 by gavage. MDA levels and the activities of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px were analysed in blood and tissues (liver, kidney, brain and heart). At the same time, levels/activities of total protein, albumin, glucose, triglyceride, T-cholesterol, T-bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, GGT, LDH, AST, ALT and ALP, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride were evaluated in serum samples. In conclusion, carbaryl was determined to cause negative changes in most of the oxidative stress markers and serum biochemical parameters investigated. These effects were observed to alleviate with the administration of bee pollen.

The effects of royal jelly on liver damage induced by paracetamol in mice.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of royal jelly against paracetamol-induced liver damage. The study was conducted in 90 female Swiss Albino mice, and six groups were established. While the first group was maintained as control, Groups 2-6 were administered 200mg/kg RJ for 1 day, 200mg/kg RJ for 7 days, 400mg/kg PAR for 1 day, 200mg/kg RJ plus 400mg/kg PAR for 1 day and 200mg/kg RJ for 7 days and then second 400mg/kg PAR on the 7th day, orally, respectively. It was shown that PAR significantly increased serum ALT, AST, ALP, liver MDA levels and significantly decreased liver GSH-Px activity, when compared to the control group (Group 1). On the other hand, meaningful changes were observed in the biochemical parameters of the group which was administered long-term RJ (Group 6). The aforementioned parameters which were statistically significant were determined to have drawn closer to values of the control group, and among these, the existing statistical differences for MDA level and GSH-Px activity between the trial group (Group 6) and the control group disappeared (Group 1). Compared to the pathological changes observed in the liver parenchyma, remark cords, sinusoids and hepatocytes in the group which was administered paracetamol alone (Group 4), lesions were determined to be less severe particularly in the group (Group 6) which received royal jelly for 7 days prior to paracetamol. In conclusion, the administration of royal jelly as a hepatoprotective agent for 7 days against paracetamol-induced liver damage was determined to exhibit marked protective effect on liver tissue.